Recently, I've hit a "tipping point" where I have enough content (blog posts, podcasts, interviews, etc...) that companies now regularly seek me out for advice.

"To be known, you must teach" - Nathan Barry

After I wrote "This is a web page" (http://justinjackson.ca/words.html) I was contacted by VPs at Coca-Cola and Google. They weren't offering me work: they just wanted to say they enjoyed my writing.

Writing, and amplifying your content, is one way to get your foot in the door.

I'm biased but a podcast can help. When you can't get past the gate keeper, you'd be surprised that the CEO is listening to your podcast on his phone while he is on the treadmill.

I would say the best way is to ask questions socially / track their support forums / converse with employees to discover a problem they have. If you can demonstrate that you can solve their problem and generate revenue / cut costs to a greater extent than your fees, then you stand a pretty good shot at getting in.

All companies have externally visible problems, if you're willing to look hard enough.

Ha!... Who would give away the big secret?!:)
In my experience the key is to stay in touch and check in periodically, both personally and professionally with your lead contacts. Especially former clients that were happy with your work. Ask them if they could use you again or refer to their colleagues/peers... Stay on the radar also helps but I do it by participating in conferences, presenting and networking. If you are considered an opinion leader in your topic - people will be asking for help and advise.

Another quick advise - always leave extra value "on the table" and be generous in your own referrals....

I'd be happy to discuss other tricks of the trade if you are interested.

You must be seen as a person of value. Why should they pay you and what benefit will they get? Figure out what their problems are start suggesting solutions (free of charge) to your contacts at the company. You want them to think: 'This person understands what is important to me and makes wise suggestions, I'd be stupid to not consult them'